Our results reveal an extremely low number (1.3%) of enforcement actions in deforested areas, warning that impunity can undermine the expected dissuasive effect against environmental crime in Amazon.

The expansion and intensification of soya bean agriculture in southeastern Amazonia can alter watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry by changing the land cover, water balance and nutrient inputs. Several new insights on the responses of watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry to deforestation in Mato Grosso have emerged from recent intensive field campaigns in this region.