Ratification

After signing an international treaty, such as the Climate Change Convention or the Kyoto Protocol, a country has to ratify the commitment, often with the approval of its parliament or other legislature. The ratification instrument must be deposited with the UN Secretary-General to, then, begin the 90-day count for the ratifying country to become an integral party. There are minimum ratifications thresholds for the entry into force of international treaties.

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Climate system

The totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere and their interactions.

Secondary Forests

What are they? Secondary forests, or recovering forests, are those that were previously deforested and have grown back. The area of secondary forests in the Amazon is estimated to be 850 million hectares. This figure corresponds to areas deforested between 1988 and...

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Established by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, evolved from a Brazilian proposal, and stipulated throughout the COP 3 negotiations, the clean development mechanism (CDM) is the only of the three mechanisms introduced by the Protocol that include developing...