Entry into force

Intergovernmental agreements, including protocols and amendments, are not legally valid until ratified by a certain number of countries. For the UNFCCC creation, it took 50 countries; as for ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, at least 55 countries were required (together representing 55% of Annex 1 emissions in 1990). The Paris Agreement entered into force after at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in total for at least an estimated 55% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification.

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Fossil fuels

Fuels such as oil, natural gas, and mineral coal – fossilized plant residues – that are buried in the Earth's crust and reached their present state through chemical reactions over long periods of time. They are produced by the continuous decomposition of organic...

Forestation

It is the conversion, directly induced by the humans, of land that has not been forested – for a period of at least 50 years – into forested land through planting, sowing, and/or human-induced promotion of natural sources of seeds. This definition is used for...

Externality

The fact of existing outside the perceiving subject. This economic phenomenon can be categorized as positive or negative when, in the price of the good placed on the market, the social gains and losses resulting from its production or consumption, respectively, are...