Entry into force

Intergovernmental agreements, including protocols and amendments, are not legally valid until ratified by a certain number of countries. For the UNFCCC creation, it took 50 countries; as for ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, at least 55 countries were required (together representing 55% of Annex 1 emissions in 1990). The Paris Agreement entered into force after at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in total for at least an estimated 55% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification.

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Designated operational entity (DOE)

These are national or international entities accredited by the Executive Board – and designated by COP/MOP, which will ratify or not the Board’s accreditation to act within the cycle of CDM projects. The responsibilities of DOEs and the manner in which the...

Emissions

The release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere at a specific area and over a specified period.

Albedo

The proportions of solar radiation reflected by a surface or object, expressed in percentage. Snow-covered surfaces have high albedo level; ground (soil) albedo can be high or low; vegetation-covered surfaces and oceans have low albedo level. The Earth’s albedo...