The totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere and their interactions.
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The process through which the atmosphere and water continuously exchange molecules of carbon dioxide. The diffusion of carbon dioxide into the oceans accounts for almost half of the carbon extracted from the atmosphere. The colder oceans absorb more CO2 than warmer...
Forms of land-use and land-management, in which trees or shrubs are used together with crop and/or animals in the same area, simultaneously or in a sequence of time. They must include at least one tree or shrub forest species, which can be combined with one or more...
What are they? Secondary forests, or recovering forests, are those that were previously deforested and have grown back. The area of secondary forests in the Amazon is estimated to be 850 million hectares. This figure corresponds to areas deforested between 1988 and...